Educational Guide

What is SAST?

Static Application Security Testing (SAST) analyzes source code to find security vulnerabilities before your application runs. Learn how it works and when to use it.

Understanding SAST

SAST (Static Application Security Testing) is a white-box testing method that examines application source code, bytecode, or binary code to identify security vulnerabilities. Unlike dynamic testing, SAST doesn't require the application to be running.

Think of SAST as...

A code reviewer that reads every line of your code looking for security issues. It's like having a security expert review your code 24/7, catching vulnerabilities before they reach production.

How SAST Works

  1. 1

    Code Parsing

    The SAST tool parses your source code into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) or intermediate representation, understanding the code structure.

  2. 2

    Data Flow Analysis

    Traces how data flows through your application, from sources (user input) to sinks (database queries, HTML output) to find tainted data paths.

  3. 3

    Pattern Matching

    Compares code against known vulnerability patterns (e.g., SQL injection, XSS) using rules and signatures.

  4. 4

    Report Generation

    Produces detailed reports with vulnerability locations, severity ratings, and remediation guidance.

Vulnerabilities SAST Detects

SQL Injection

Unsanitized user input in database queries

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

Unescaped user input in HTML output

Hardcoded Secrets

API keys, passwords in source code

Path Traversal

Unvalidated file paths from user input

Command Injection

User input in shell commands

Insecure Deserialization

Deserializing untrusted data

Cryptographic Issues

Weak algorithms, improper key handling

Authentication Flaws

Missing auth checks, weak sessions

SAST: Benefits and Limitations

Benefits

  • Early Detection: Finds issues before code runs
  • Full Code Coverage: Analyzes all paths, not just executed ones
  • Precise Location: Points to exact line of vulnerable code
  • CI/CD Integration: Automates security in development pipeline
  • No Running App Needed: Works on source code alone

Limitations

  • False Positives: May flag safe code as vulnerable
  • Can't Find Runtime Issues: Configuration, auth bypass at runtime
  • Language Specific: Tools need to support your language
  • Scan Time: Large codebases take time to analyze
  • Misses Business Logic: Can't understand application context

SAST vs DAST

AspectSASTDAST
Testing TypeWhite-box (source code)Black-box (running app)
When UsedDuring developmentAfter deployment
RequiresSource code accessRunning application URL
FindsCode-level vulnerabilitiesRuntime vulnerabilities
False PositivesMore commonLess common
Code LocationExact line numberURL/endpoint only

Best Practice: Use both SAST and DAST together. SAST catches issues early in development; DAST verifies the deployed application is secure.

Popular SAST Tools

Semgrep

Open Source

Multi-language

CodeQL

Free (GitHub)

Multi-language

SonarQube

Freemium

Multi-language

Snyk Code

Freemium

Multi-language

Checkmarx

Enterprise

Multi-language

Fortify

Enterprise

Multi-language

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should I run SAST scans?

Ideally, on every commit via CI/CD pipeline. At minimum, run scans before each release. More frequent scanning catches issues earlier when they're cheaper to fix.

Do I need SAST if I have code reviews?

Yes. Human reviewers miss things, especially subtle security issues. SAST catches patterns humans overlook and scales to large codebases. Use both together.

How do I reduce false positives?

Configure rules to match your codebase, suppress known false positives, and choose tools with good precision. Some false positives are inevitable—factor in triage time.

Can SAST scan AI-generated code?

Yes. SAST is especially valuable for AI-generated code since AI models can produce vulnerable patterns. Scan all code regardless of origin.

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Last updated: January 2025